Here's a link to the first lecture:
Lecture 16:30 -- Think of interrupts as the phone ringing to signal you to pick it up. Think of polling as building phones with no ringer; instead you go to the phone every now and then and pick it up to see if anyone is there.
Here's a link to the second lecture:
Lecture 214:00 -- start here
28:00 -- MARS does not try to simulate kernel mode
38:40 -- MIPS uses the syscall instruction for this. You've seen it used in MARS. Page A-44 has a list of syscalls that MARS can handle. Read the list and think of it as a mini operating system.
41:40 -- On MIPS, for some reason, dividing by zero does not cause an exception. A word access to a memory address that is not a multiple of 4 will cause an exception. Another example is trying to execute a bit pattern that is not a legal instruction.
45:30 -- On MIPS, that address is 0x8000-0180
Here's a link to the third lecture:
Lecture 337:30 -- He's putting together a list of software exceptions. We have a short list of them at 41:40 in lecture 2.